Ionic bonds are non-directional. Covalent bonds are directional. Ionic bonds don't form discrete molecules. The atoms in covalent bonds share electrons.
Covalent bonds form between nonmetals. When a metal bonds with a nonmetal, that bond is an ionic bond.
If there is a huge electronegativity difference between two atoms, the higher electronegative atom takes the electron, doesn't share.
A non-polar bond is a covalent bond where the electronegativity difference between the atoms is zero or nearly zero.
A polar bond is a covalent bond where the electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 0.4.
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